Researchers from the University of Liverpool have identified a new way to kill certain cancer cells by starving them of a key nutrient (University of Liverpool, 2017). The finding could lead the way to more personalised treatment of certain cancers.

In a paper published in Cell Reports, scientists including Ioannis Poursaitidis and Xiaomeng Wang from the University of Liverpool’s Institute of Translational Medicine and Dr Richard Lamb from Liverpool Hope University, share the results of their investigations into human breast cancer epithelial cells and non-small cell lung cancer cells.

The research was funded by Cancer Research UK.

The team, which also includes researchers from the US, discovered that starving cancer cells with a particular faulty gene of the amino acid nutrient cystine generates hydrogen peroxide.

The hydrogen peroxide makes the membrane of the cancer cells permeable through a process called “ferroptosis”, allowing water to rush in and swell the cancer cells, which eventually makes them burst.

The speed and synchronisation of the cell bursting creates what Richard Lamb calls a ‘wave of destruction’ for the cancer cells.

Amino acids are used in every cell of the human body to build the proteins we need to survive. There are more than twenty types of amino acids.

The scientists were able to make their discovery after using a technique of creating gene-edited cells. They took the genome of a normal cell and changed it by genome editing to generate mutations found in human breast cancer epithelial cells and non small cell lung cancer cells, on which they carried out their tests and compared them to normal cells.

Richard Lamb said “Cancer cells operate very differently to normal cells. They have different metabolisms and their own vulnerabilities. In normal healthy cells, the amino acid cystine helps form healthy skin, hair, bones and connective tissue. Previous research has shown that overall amino acid abundance may be higher in cancerous tissue, suggesting an increased need for amino acids in some tumours. Using our method, we have been able to identify the amino acid cystine as a ‘fuel’ that keeps certain cancer cells going. By eliminating that ‘fuel’ we can, in effect, starve the cancer cells to death.”

While testing the effect of drugs that deplete cystine on humans has not yet taken place, Richard Lamb believes that in the long term, these results could pave the way for more targeted cancer treatments. He said “If we can find out which amino acid nutrients other forms of cancer depend on, we could create much more personalised and efficient therapies for people, depending on the type of cancer they have. This is of course sometime in the future, but we believe that this research has uncovered a new way forward in targeting cancer.”

Dr Emma Smith, Cancer Research UK’s science information manager, said “Figuring out how cancer cells get nutrients, and looking into ways to cut off their supplies is a promising tactic to try and find new treatments that starve cancers. The next steps will be finding out if this approach can be developed into a new drug, and if it’s safe and works in people with certain types of cancer.”